All animate and inanimate entities, both natural and supernatural | ||||||
All the natural animate entities, such as humans and animals | ||||||
This lexical domain consists of all living creatures, with the exception of human beings. | ||||||
Wild animals of the larger variety, sometimes referred to in Hebrew as חַיָּה (Gen. 7:21) or חַיַּת הַשָׂדֶה. According to the taxonomy that surfaces in the Old Testament (see Lev. 11:29) smaller wild animals, such as the mouse or the weasel, are to be co | ||||||
All domesticated animals, often referred to by the Hebrew generic term בְּהֵמָה (Gen. 7:21). Even though this term is occasionally used to indicate animals in a wider sense of the word it usually refers to domestic animals only. | ||||||
This category consists of small land animals covered by the generic term רֶמֶשׂ. According to Genesis 1:24 this is a category in itself. It does somewhat overlap with שֶׁרֶץ, however. Leviticus 11:29 refers to (part of) this subcategory of animals as שֶׁר | ||||||
This category consists of all water creatures except what is considered שֶׁרֶץ הַמַּיִם (see Swarming Creatures). See Leviticus 11:9-12; Deuteronomy 14:9,10 | ||||||
All birds, covered by the Hebrew generic term עוֹף. Flying insects are part of the category Swarming Creatures. | ||||||
All animals covered by the generic term שֶׁרֶץ, with the exception of the reptiles and small rodents that are classified as רֶמֶשׂ Small Animals. This comprises what is referred to as שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף (Lev. 11:20), שֶׁרֶץ הַמַּיִם (Lev. 11:10), and probabl | ||||||
This lexical domain covers all human beings. | ||||||
Social classes, such as slave, free, alien, rich, poor, etc. | ||||||
All terms referring to large groups of people, e.g. nation, tribe, clan, e.g. עַם | ||||||
All people with a certain profession, such as farmers, shepherd, craftsmen, etc. | ||||||
People that one considers one's enemies, opponents, adversaries, etc., e.g. אֹיֵב | ||||||
People that one considers one's friends, companions, partners, etc., e.g. חָבֵר | ||||||
Kinship terms, such as father, mother, etc., e.g. אָב, אֵם | ||||||
Kings and other leaders, e.g. מֶלֶךְ | ||||||
Officials in the service of a king or other leader, e.g. שַׂר | ||||||
Priests and other religious offices, e.g. כֹּהֵן | ||||||
Seer and prophets, e.g. נָבִיא | ||||||
Adulterers and prostitutes, both male and female | ||||||
All people involved in military activities, e.g. גִּבּוֹר | ||||||
All supernatural beings. | ||||||
All objects that cannot exist in isolation but are an integral part of another object and therefore usually occur as part of an associative construction (branch of a tree, wing of a dove, etc.), or require a possessive pronoun (my hand, her head, etc.). | ||||||
This lexical domain covers all plants and trees, covered by Hebrew generic term דֶשֶׁא according to Genesis 1:11. | ||||||
All plants, covered by the Hebrew generic term עֵשֶׂב | ||||||
All trees, covered by the Hebrew generic term עֵץ | ||||||
This lexical domain covers all inanimate objects, usually of a relatively small size, produced by people, deities, animals, or plants. An important characteristic of this category is that this type of objects can be actively used as instruments in other p | ||||||
All human-made objects, covered by the Hebrew generic term כְּלִי. | ||||||
All artifacts that serve as seats for people riding animals. | ||||||
All terms for constructions made by humans to draw water from the ground or store rain water | ||||||
All terms referring to clothing and armor | ||||||
All objects produced to contain other objects such as liquids or dry substances | ||||||
Objects such as cords, chains, fetters and similar objects | ||||||
All objects used to furnish and decorate the inside of buildings. | ||||||
All precious stones | ||||||
All terms referring to images of objects, usually idols, e.g. פֶּסֶל | ||||||
All jewellery, such as rings, necklaces, etc. | ||||||
All headgear, such as turbans, crowns, veils, etc. | ||||||
All musical instruments | ||||||
Scrolls, tablets, seals, and all other writing equipment | ||||||
All vehicles used for transportation over water. | ||||||
All artifacts used by craftsmen to produce other artifacts. | ||||||
All instruments used for hunting and fishing, of which פַּח may be a prototype. These objects are often used in a metaphorical sense to denote devices used by evil people to ensnare others. | ||||||
All vehicles used for transportation over land | ||||||
All artifacts used in warfare | ||||||
All body products, such as excrement, sweat, blood, etc. | ||||||
All terms for food items. It must be noted that many food items can be regarded as substances as well. Honey, for instance, is both a food product and a substance. That fact that it is a substance, however, seems to be less relevant than its membership of | ||||||
All crops growing as plants, such as grain, wheat, barley, flax, etc.; e.g. דָּגָן | ||||||
All food produced by animals, such as dairy products, but also eggs and honey; e.g. חָלָב | ||||||
All fruits; e.g. פְּרִי | ||||||
Wine and related drinks, such as vinegar and liquor; e.g. יַיִן | ||||||
This lexical domain covers all inanimate objects, with the exception of plants, that usually cannot be moved, and are part of the scenery in which events in the Old Testament take place, like mountains, rivers, population centers, constructions, etc. | ||||||
All constructions, such as huts, shelters, houses, fortresses, and palaces; e.g. בַּיִת | ||||||
All permanent constructions where people live, e.g. בַּיִת | ||||||
All constructions that serve as fortifications | ||||||
All constructions where domestic animals are kept, e.g. מִכְלָא | ||||||
All temporary constructions, such as tents, shelters, etc. | ||||||
All terms referring to burial places, e.g. קֶבֶר | ||||||
All population centers, such as villages and towns; e.g. עִיר | ||||||
All depressions, such as holes, gorges, and valleys | ||||||
All elevations and land formations, such as height, hills, rocks, and mountains; e.g. הַר | ||||||
All terms referring to land; e.g. אֶרֶץ | ||||||
All terms referring to roads, paths, streets, e.g. דֶּרֶךְ | ||||||
Heaven and earth and all that is in it, שָׁמַיִם | ||||||
All bodies of water, such as seas, lakes, rivers, pools; e.g. יָם | ||||||
All inanimate objects that are shaped in such a way that they usually cannot be counted but are to be measured instead, and from which other objects can be produced, e.g. gold, silver, wood, clay, etc. This category includes liquids like water, and elemen | ||||||
Cloth and substances used for making clothes, such as פֵּשֶׁת linen and צֶמֶר woolâ | ||||||
Terms such as fire, spark, flame, etc.; e.g. אֵשׁ | ||||||
All liquids | ||||||
All metals, ranging from iron to gold | ||||||
Substances used to color other objects. | ||||||
All forms of precipitation, such as rain, hail, snow | ||||||
Terms such as dust, sand, clay, mud | ||||||
Substances such as fragrant spices, powders, and ointments used for culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes | ||||||
All types of אֶבֶן; includes rocks, cliffs, etc. for precious stones, see: Gemstones | ||||||
Meteorological phenomena such as wind, whirlwind, storm, etc. | ||||||
All states, processes, actions, and causative actions, featuring one or more objects or other events. States and Processes overlap in biblical Hebrew and are therefore considered one single category in SDBH (State/Process). Terms that are often labeled ab | ||||||
Events that describe features of objects or other events. This includes certain adjectives and adverbs, words that according to Nida's analysis usually classify as abstracts rather than events. In biblical Hebrew, however, the distinction between events a | ||||||
Events describing the physical features of an object. | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of being alive or not; opposite: Dead | ||||||
Events denoting good quality; opposite: Good | ||||||
Events involving physical beauty; opposite: Ugly | ||||||
Events involving fire, e.g. בער | ||||||
Units of capacity, including both dry and liquid measures. | ||||||
opposite Unclean | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of not having an opening allowing entrance, passage, or access, or where that opening has been blocked; opposite: Open; e.g. סגר | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of having a relatively low temperature; opposite: Hot | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of having a particular color, e.g. | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of being damaged or destroyed; opposite: Intact | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of being dead; opposite: Alive | ||||||
Events involving the dimensions of objects, such as length, width, height, depth, etc. | ||||||
Events denoting the absence of water or moisture; opposite: Wet | ||||||
Events involving the process of animate beings taking in food and drink, e.g. אכל; opposite: Excrete | ||||||
Events involving the excretion of body products, e.g. spitting, urinating, sweating, vomiting, etc. | ||||||
opposite: Thin | ||||||
Events denoting good quality; opposite: Bad | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of being physically challenged by a handicap. | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of having a relatively great weight, e.g. כבד; opposite: Light. | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of having a relatively high temperature; opposite: Cold | ||||||
opposite: Low | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of being intact, without damage; opposite: Damage | ||||||
Events denoting the relatively small large size of objects; opposite: Little | ||||||
קלל; opposite: Heavy | ||||||
Events denoting the relatively small size of objects; opposite: Large | ||||||
opposite: High | ||||||
Events denoting relatively old age, e.g. זָקֵן; opposite: Young | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of having an opening allowing entrance, passage, or access, e.g. פתח; opposite of Close. | ||||||
Events involving the quantity of objects, e.g. numerals | ||||||
Events involving movement of objects that do not result in a change in location, such as trembling, shaking, etc. | ||||||
Events involving the shape of objects | ||||||
Events involving objects producing or reflecting light | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of suffering from some sort of sickness | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of being malleable, yielding to pressure; opposite: Solid. | ||||||
Events involving the attribute of being firm, unyielding to pressure; opposite: Soft. | ||||||
Events involving contractions of the muscles, such as the contractions that accompany the birth of a child. | ||||||
Events describing the stage of growth of an object; applies to plants, animals, and human beings | ||||||
Events involving stances of the body of humans and animals | ||||||
Events denoting physical strength; opposite: Weak | ||||||
opposite: Fat | ||||||
opposite: Beautiful | ||||||
opposite: Clean | ||||||
Events denoting the absence of physical strength; opposite: Strong | ||||||
units of weight | ||||||
Events denoting the presence of water or moisture; opposite: Dry | ||||||
Events involving physical damage of the body of humans and animals | ||||||
Events denoting that an object is relatively young; opposite: Old | ||||||
Events describing non-physical features of (usually animate) objects, such as attitudes and emotions. | ||||||
Events describing an animate object's willingness to associate or be involved with another object or event, e.g. אבה; opposite: Refuse | ||||||
Events describing emotions of fear, e.g. ירא | ||||||
Events describing an emotion of anger or displeasure, e.g. אַף; opposite: Patient | ||||||
Events describing feelings of confidence and lack of fear | ||||||
Events describing a lack of compassion towards other animate or sometimes even inanimate beings, e.g. אַכְזָרִי; opposite: Merciful | ||||||
Events denoting a lack of respect for someone else, e.g. בזה; opposite: Respect | ||||||
Events denoting a willingness to work hard, e.g. חָרוּץ; opposite: Lazy | ||||||
צָרָה | ||||||
רשׁע; opposite: Just | ||||||
חֶסֶד | ||||||
Events describing an inclination for violence; opposite: Meek | ||||||
Events describing the greatness of people and/or supernatural beings; opposite: Small | ||||||
Events describing an emotion of grief or sadness; opposite: Joy | ||||||
שׂנא; opposite: Love | ||||||
קוה | ||||||
Events describing an attitude of humility towards other objects, e.g. עָנָו; opposite: Proud | ||||||
Events describing an emotion of joy or gladness; e.g. גיל; opposite: Grief | ||||||
צדק; opposite: Evil | ||||||
עָצֵל; opposite: Diligent | ||||||
Events involving the attitude of affection, e.g. אהב; opposite: Hate | ||||||
Events describing a total lack of inclination to violence, e.g. עָנָו; opposite: Ferocious | ||||||
Events describing the attitude of compassion, e.g. חנן; opposite: Cruel | ||||||
Events describing the attitude of patience, e.g. אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם; opposite: Angry | ||||||
Events describing the extent to which someone is prepared or ready to undertake something. | ||||||
Events describing an attitude of pride and superiority, e.g. גאה; opposite: Humble | ||||||
Events describing an animate object's refusal to associate or be involved with another object or event; opposite: Accept | ||||||
כבד; opposite: Despise | ||||||
שׁבע | ||||||
Events describing an attitude of feeling secure and safe, having nothing to be afraid of, e.g. שׁקט | ||||||
Events describing an emotion of shame or a state of feeling let down by another object, such as a human being or deity, e.g. בושׁ; opposite: Trust | ||||||
Events denoting the relative insignificance of certain people and/or supernatural beings; opposite: Great | ||||||
Events describing an attitude of confidence in another object, such as a human being or deity, e.g. בטח; opposite: Shame | ||||||
Events describing the features of events. | ||||||
opposite: Scarce | ||||||
Events stating to what extent another event is appropriate, suitable, fitting, etc. | ||||||
Events stating to what extent another event is performed in a conspicuous way | ||||||
opposite: Light | ||||||
opposite: True; e.g. שֶׁקֶר | ||||||
Events describing the frequency with which an event occurs. | ||||||
Events describing a low temperature of the atmosphere; e.g. קֶרַח opposite: Heat | ||||||
Events stating to what extent another event is to be qualified as hardship | ||||||
Events describing a high temperature of the atmosphere, e.g. חֹרֶב; opposite: Frost | ||||||
Events describing the importance of other events | ||||||
Events describing the intensity or force with which other events take place, e.g. חזק; opposite: Lax | ||||||
Events describing the lack of intensity or force with which other events take place, e.g. ; opposite: Intense | ||||||
opposite: Dark | ||||||
Events describing the extent to which a particular event is morally and/or ethically right; opposite: Wrong; e.g. טוֹב | ||||||
opposite: Abundant | ||||||
Events describing the speed with which an event is performed | ||||||
opposite: False; e.g. אÖ±מֶת | ||||||
Events describing the extent to which a particular event is morally and/or ethically wrong; opposite: Right; e.g. רַע | ||||||
Events describing relations between objects and events and the environment in which they are located or occur. | ||||||
Events describing relations between objects and the physical environment in which they are located. | ||||||
to make one's temporary or permanent abode in a certain location, e.g. שׁכן | ||||||
(2) to go to another location to save one's life (Action) | ||||||
(1) to be in a certain location with the purpose not to be seen by certain people (State/Process); (2) to go to a certain location with the purpose not to be seen by certain people (Action), and (3) to put another object certain location for this same pur | ||||||
(1) to move from one location to another (State/Process), (2) to go from one location to another (Action), or (3) to bring an object from one location to another (Causative), e.g. הלךְ | ||||||
to try to find out the location of an object, e.g. בקשׁ | ||||||
(1) to be in a certain location (State/Process), (2) to take position in a certain location (Action), or (3) to put an object in a certain location (Causative), e.g. עמד | ||||||
(1) to be still, without movement, (2) to keep still, without movement, or (3) to keep something or someone from moving | ||||||
(1) to not be in a certain location (State/Process), (2) to disappear from a certain location (Action), or (3) to cause an object to disappear from a certain location (Causative), e.g. אַיִן | ||||||
to be at a certain location or move from one location to another with domesticated animals to provide food and shelter for them, e.g. רעה | ||||||
e.g. רדף | ||||||
Events describing relations between objects and the non-physical environment (existence, time, etc.) in which they are located. | ||||||
This lexical domain contains lexicalized metaphors regarding life as a journey; (2) to behave in a certain way, and (3) to cause to behave in a certain way | ||||||
Events describing the coming in existence of humans and animals by way of birth; (1) to be born (State/Process), (2) to give birth (Causative), e.g. ילד | ||||||
Events describing the coming in existence of objects by way of creation or manufacturing; (1) to be produced or brought forth (State/Process), (2) to produce or bring forth an object (Action), or (3) to cause an object to be produced or brought | ||||||
Events describing the removal of objects from existence; (1) to be removed from existence (State/Process), (2) to remove oneself from existence (Action), or (3) to remove another object from existence (Causative), e.g. אבד, שׁמד | ||||||
Events describing existence in time rather than in space, e.g. עֵת | ||||||
Events describing fixed times for religious festivals and other special occasions, e.g. מוֹעֵד | ||||||
Events describing relations between other events and the environment in which they occur. | ||||||
(1) to happen (State/Process), (2) to perform an event (Action), or (3) to cause something to happen (Causative), e.g. היה, עשׂה | ||||||
(1) to not happen (State/Process), (2) to refrain from performing an event, or (3) to keep something from happen (Causative) | ||||||
Events describing relations of physical attachment between objects. | ||||||
(1) to be attached to another object (State/Process), (2) to attach oneself to another object (Action), or to tie one object to another, e.g.חבר; opposite: Detach | ||||||
(1) to be bound (with a rope or in chains) (State/Process), (2) to bind oneself (Action), or (3) to bind someone or something else (Causative), e.g. אסר | ||||||
(1) to carry an object (State/Process), (2) to pick up an object (Action), or (3) to cause someone else to carry an object, e.g. נשׂה | ||||||
(1) to be covered by something (State/Process), (2) to cover oneself (Action), and (3) to cover something else (Causative); for covering oneself with clothes or armor, see: Dress | ||||||
(1) to wear clothes or armor (State/Process), (2) to put on clothes or armor (Action), or (3) or to dress or arm someone else, e.g. חגר; opposite: Strip | ||||||
(1) to be detached from another object (State/Process), (2) to detach oneself from another object (Action), or (3) to detach one object from another; opposite: Attach | ||||||
(1) to lie in someone's arms (State/Process, (2) to hold someone in one's arms (Action), e.g. חבק | ||||||
(1) to wrestle or fight with someone (Action) | ||||||
(1) to hold an object in one's hand (State/Process), (2) to take hold of an object with one's hand (Action), or (3) to cause someone else to hold an object in his/her hand (Causative), e.g. אחז | ||||||
(1) to be mixed with other objects, (2) to mix oneself with other objects, and (3) to mix one object with other objects | ||||||
(1) to be naked (State/Process), (2) to take of one's clothes (Action), or (3) to strip someone else (Causative), e.g. פשׁט; opposite: Dress | ||||||
(1) to becone uncovered (State/Process), (2) to uncover oneself (Action), and (3) to uncover something else (Causative); for taking off one's clothes or armor, see: Strip | ||||||
Events describing relationships of non-physical attachment between objects (e.g. possession, acquaintance). | ||||||
(1) to be apart from other, related objects (State/Process), (2) to separate oneself from other, related objects (Action), and (3) to set an object apart from other, related objects, e.g. קדשׁ | ||||||
(1) to be in league with an individual or group for a common purpose (State/Process), (2) to join oneself to an individual or group for a common purpose, and (3) to bring to individuals or groups together for a common purpose, e.g. בְּרִית | ||||||
(1) to have control over someone else (State/Process), (2) to put oneself in control of someone else (Action), and (3) to put someone else in control of someone (Causative). | ||||||
(1) to disassociate oneself from something (Action) | ||||||
(1) to be free (State/Process), (2) to free oneself (Action), and (3) to free someone else (Causative); this category differs from Rebel in that the former has a sense of legality which the latter does not. | ||||||
Events involving both animate and inanimate objects being brought together in one location, e.g. (1) to be gathered together in one place (State/Process), (2) to come together (Action), or (3) to bring together (Causative), e.g. אסף; opposite: Scatter | ||||||
(1) to be a helper to someone or to support someone (State/Process), (2) to help someone (Action), or (3) to cause someone to help someone else, e.g. עזר | ||||||
Events describing objects that meet each other while moving from one place to another; (1) to meet another object (unintentionally, State/Process), (2) to go to meet another object (intentionally, Action), and (3) to cause two objects to meet each other ( | ||||||
(1) to be not in possession or lose possession of an object (State/Process); (2) to dispose of an object that one possesses (Action); (3) to cause someone else to lose possession of an object (Causative) | ||||||
Events describing how people mistreat and oppress one another | ||||||
(1) to be in possession or gain possession of an object (State/Process); (2) to take possession of an object (Action); (3) to give someone else possession of an object (Causative). | ||||||
(1) to be pressed down, (2) to press oneself against another object, and (3) to press two objects together | ||||||
(1) to live in a state of not submitting to someone else's authority (State/Process), (2) to remove oneself from under someone else's authority (Action), or (3) to remove someone else from another party's authority (Causative); e.g. מרד; opposite Submit | ||||||
(2) to present an offering to a deity (Action) | ||||||
(1) to be scattered (State/Process), (2) to scatter (oneselves), and (3) to cause other people to scatter (Causative), e.g. פוץ; opposite: Gather | ||||||
Events describing humans serving deities or other humans | ||||||
(1) to be under someone else's authority (State/Process), (2) to place oneself under someone else's authority (Action), (3) or to put someone else under your (or another party's) authority (Causative); opposite Rebel | ||||||
Events describing relationships between objects and events (e.g. involvement, commitment). | ||||||
(1) to be in or attain a certain state or position (State/Process), (2) to procure a certain state of position for oneself (Action), and (3) to grant a certain state or position to someone else (Causative); some of the events of this category can be consi | ||||||
(1) to affect someone (of events; State/Process), and (3) to cause an event to affect someone else (Causative) | ||||||
(1) to bear the responsibility an event (State/Process), (2) to take the responsibility for an event upon oneself (Action), or (3) to put the responsibility of an event upon someone else (Causative). | ||||||
All events denoting that another event has not been performed successfully; opposite: Succeed. | ||||||
(1) to lose a state or position (State/Process), (2) to cause onself to lose a state or position (Action), and (3) to cause someone else to lose a state or position; opposite: Attain | ||||||
(1) to be obligated to perform an event (State/Process), (2) to obligate oneself to perform an event, and (3) to obligate someone else to perform an event (Causative) | ||||||
(1) to live in a state of guilt (State/Process), (2) to be involved in morally or ethically unjust activities (Action), or (3) to lead other people astray (Causative) | ||||||
(1) to be free from hardship (State/Process); (2) to protect or save oneself from hardship (Action), or (3) to protect or save someone else from hardship | ||||||
All events denoting that an event has been performed successfully; opposite: Fail. | ||||||
(1) to feel pressurized to perform an event, (2) to urge oneself to perform an event, and (3) to urge someone else to perform and event | ||||||
Events describing relations between objects and events and the mind of animate beings. | ||||||
Events describing the physical aspects of the relationship between objects and events and the mind of animate beings (e.g. seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, etc.). | ||||||
Events describing the physical aspects of the relationship | ||||||
(1) to experience a physical desire | ||||||
(1) to feel hungry (State/Process) | ||||||
(1) to feel thirst (State/Process); prototype: צמ | ||||||
(1) to feel (State/Process), (2) to touch (Action), (3) to cause to feel (Causative), משׁש | ||||||
(1) to hear (State/Process), (2) to listen (Action), or (3) to cause to hear (Causative), e.g. שׁמע | ||||||
(1) to see (State/Process), (2) to look (Action), or (3) to cause to see, show (Causative), e.g. ראה | ||||||
(1) to smell (State/Process), (2) to sniff (Action), (3) to cause to smell (Causative), e.g. באשׁ | ||||||
(1) to taste (while eating or drinking = State/Process), (2) to taste (on purpose = Action), or (3) to cause to taste (Causative) | ||||||
to utter sounds | ||||||
e.g. שׁא | ||||||
e.g. לו | ||||||
; opposite Prais | ||||||
e.g. אנח | ||||||
(1) to speak (Action), or (2) to cause to speak (Causative), e.g. אמר | ||||||
הלל; opposite Curs | ||||||
Events describing the non-physical aspects of the relationship between objects and events and the mind of animate beings (e.g. knowing, thinking, remembering, etc.). | ||||||
Events describing inner feelings of people | ||||||
(1) to long for something to happen (State/Process | ||||||
(1) to speak (in one's heart, Action) | ||||||
Events denoting people's lack of skills, intelligence, or wisdom; opposite: Wise | ||||||
Events dealing with the absence of information in the brain; (1) to be ignorant, forget (State/Process); (2) to force oneself to forget (Action); (3) to cause to forget (Causative), e.g. שׁכח; opposite: Know | ||||||
Events describing the brain's failure to process information; (2) to put far away the tought of something (Action); opposite: Think | ||||||
Events dealing with information stored in the brain; (1) to know, learn, remember (State/Process); (2) to study (Action); (3) to teach (Causative), e.g. ידע; opposite Forget | ||||||
Events describing the processing of information by the brain; (2) to think (Action); opposite: Ignore | ||||||
Events denoting people's skill, intelligence, or wisdom; opposite: Foolish | ||||||
All lexical units that link, point to, or substitute for objects and events. | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between objects, e.g. וְ, עִם (Josh. 10:7), אִך (GEN.44:8). | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between objects and events | ||||||
Attachment: Relationals that describe the location of part of object with reference to another part of it | ||||||
Location: Relationals that describe the location of an object with reference to another location | ||||||
Group: Relationals that describe the group membership of an (animate) object with reference to another group | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Attribute and objects that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. כְּ (GEN.13:10) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Attitude and objects that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. כְּ (GEN.3:22) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Modification and events that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. כְּ (GEN.18:5) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Location and objects that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. בְּ (GEN.1:14) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Existence and objects that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. בְּ (PSA.1:1) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Occurrence and events that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. בְּ (EXO.12:13) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Attachment and objects that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. מִן (1SA.17:51) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Association and objects that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. מִן (1KI.7:14) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Involvement and other events that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. מִן (2CH.16:5) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Sensation and objects that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. כִּי (GEN.39:15) | ||||||
Relationals that function as links between events belonging to the lexical domain of Cognition and objects that function as semantic arguments of those events, e.g. כִּי (GEN.16:4; 1SA.11:13) | ||||||
Relationals that are used to highlight or put the focus on a particular object or event, e.g. הִנֵּה (GEN.12:19), אַךְ (GEN.7:23), גַּם (GEN.3:6) | ||||||
Relationals that put the focus on a particular object or event, e.g. הִנֵּה see, including definite articles and demonstratives | ||||||
Relationals indicating that than object or event has been added to the range of objects/events in focus, e.g. גַּם also | ||||||
Relationals that negate an event, e.g. לֹא | ||||||
Relationals that focus on the probability that and event will happen, e.g. אוּלַי perhaps, אַךְ surely | ||||||
Relationals indicating that an object or event is the only object/event in focus, e.g. אַךְ | ||||||
Relationals that substitute for and refer to a particular object. | ||||||
All names of constructions, such as towers, gates, etc. | ||||||
All names of ethnic groups, communities, etc. | ||||||
All names of individuals | ||||||
All names of languages | ||||||
All names of towns, villages, and other population centers | ||||||
All names of geographical objects, such as bodies of water, mountains, valleys, regions, etc. | ||||||
All names of deities and other supernatural beings | ||||||
All names of periods of time, especially months. | ||||||
All titles and other ways to address people and deities while not using their names | ||||||
All Relationals referring to non-specific objects | ||||||
All Relationals referring to participants in a discourse (I, me, you, he, she, it …) | ||||||
Relationals that substitute for and refer to a particular event; e.g. כֵּן | ||||||
All Relationals substituting for expressions of time | ||||||
All Relationals substituting for expressions of location, e.g. שָׁם there, and אַיֵּה [a] where? | ||||||
All Relationals substituting for expressions involving the question whether a particular object exists at all, e.g. אַיֵּה [b] | ||||||
All Relationals substituting for expressions involving the question whether a particular event happens at all, e.g. אַיֵּה [c] | ||||||